effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai

By Devjyot Ghoshal. • Pollution of mangroves • Destruction of mangroves associated with reclamation for non-extractive uses • Impacts of climate change resulting from increases in CO. 2. and sea level rise. Around 43 per cent of city’s population considered to be migrant. This destruction exacerbating economic stress of largely low-income, fast growing local population, who are driven to exploit mangroves despite clear signs of degradation. Because of these pressures, mangroves in coastal tropical developing countries are being degraded; for instance, 20-30% of mangrove forests have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 (UNEP-WCMC, 2007). (2014), Yedla (2003) and is the biggest threat to the mangrove … According to this definition nursery is that part of habitat area of juvenile which are most productive in terms of supply of recruits to adult populations and, therefore, to fisheries. They act as natural buffers against coastal erosion and flooding, and they store up to four times as much carbon as other forests. It has been established from various studies that about two third of world’s fish and shellfish harvest are directly linked to estuarine habitat (Robertson & Blaber 1992). Environmentalist B.N. Primary productivity in the mangrove forest itself attributed to several sources including epiphytes, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthic microalgae (Rönnbäck 1999). (i) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive areas. Bhaskar Paul/The India Today Group/Getty Images e.g. ", Bhaskar Paul/The India Today Group/Getty Images, Social Entrepreneurs: Taking On World Problems. With rapid industrialization, urbanization, resultant pollutions and depleting resources along the coast have resulted in degradation of coastal ecosystem and diminishing the living resources. But construction has blocked their lifeblood — salt water. However, these services are diminishing globally, most especially the provisioning service, and this is putting the livelihoods of coastal communities at risk and increasing their vulnerability to tropical storms and surges. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development , city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told news agency PTI. Kolis are divided into two occupational classes; Dolkars are usually rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. What started as a police complaint about the destruction of mangroves in 2016 turned into a passion for conserving … With these mangroves gone, Mumbai will be left without a vital line of defense when natural disasters strike. Mumbai’s mangroves boast a history older than the city itself. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Authorities appear to be slowly realizing the urgency of mangrove conservation. Fishes which are found occasionally in estuaries are termed as marine stragglers (Potter & Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999) and these stragglers have least dependence on estuaries. Mangrove presence increases the residence time of water, especially in flat, wide mangroves with complex waterways (Wolanski & Ridd 1986). The species are not necessarily resident in the region, but they always use it to spawn. Company Registration No: 4964706. Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. d) All other activities with investment exceeding rupees Five Crores. hide caption. Hindustan Times (2017, November 4) Mumbai’s mangrove … Mangroves (green) were plentiful in this Google Earth image from Nov. 12, 2003 showing the site of the future Navi Mumbai International Airport (left). He realized mangroves were crucial not just for the fishing community but for everyone. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Importance of mangrove can be broadly classified under following heads: Mangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the world. Effects Of Mangroves In Mumbai. Sushmita Pathak/NPR The data show that the rate of migrants in search for better employment has been higher in the late 1990s. Most creatures are unable to assimilate this directly and require bacterial enrichment before consumption. Mangroves and estuaries share characteristic features such as shallow water, reduced wave action, high organic content in the sediment, high primary production and protection from predators, which may all contribute to their role as nurseries. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. Today, many of these mangroves … The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ), are found exclusively in mangrove ecosystem (Staples et al. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told PTI. Mangroves (green) were plentiful in this Google Earth image from Nov. 12, 2003 showing the site of the future Navi Mumbai International Airport (left). These mangroves are confined to intertidal areas. A short car ride from the dried mangroves along the highway, a municipal garbage truck dumps trash on the edge of a mangrove patch. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Aquatic Conservation, 24 (2), 256-274. Adgaonkar rattles off the names of mangrove species that used to found in the wild in Mumbai but can only be seen in a protected nursery now. of India. These are mangroves, trees or shrubs found in tropical swampy Mangroves Help Fight The Effects … Shallow water condition does not favour the entry of large predators thus providing another form of refuse for small fishes and crustaceans (Boesch & Turner 1984, Blaber 2000). The Bombay High Court ruled in 2018 that the destruction of mangroves "offends the fundamental rights of citizens," and several people have been arrested, mostly for encroachment. (File Photo) Nearly 50 cases on the destruction of the city’s mangroves, which play a key role in absorbing the impact of flooding and are rich in flora and fauna, have been registered between January and July this year. 1989, Valiela et al. In a creek lined with mangroves in Mumbai, boats wait to take tourists to spot flamingos and other migratory birds. As a fisherman, Pawar already knew mangroves are breeding grounds for fish, which lay their eggs on the roots. In some marine species juveniles are only found in mangroves and these are termed as mangrove dependent species; e.g., banana prawn P. merguiensis (Staples et al. 3. a) The Coastal states and Union territory Administration shall prepare Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and approval be taken from Central Govt. A story of maximum destruction in the Maximum City. e.g. Similar concerns have also been raised by agencies like the Mangrove Society of India (MSI), which in its 2019 report stated that 75 cases of mangrove destruction have been reported on Maharashtras coast line, of which the maximum share is of the Mumbai … Coast Guard Act, 1978: The concern for “Marine and Coastal waters” has led to formation of a special force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should combat oil pollution beyond 5 km in the sea and perform surveillance duty against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52’N and 20 10’N and longitude 72 10’E and 73 10’E and falls under five districts of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. Juvenile fishes get attracted to turbid areas and may use the turbidity gradient to locate nursery areas. The Bombay High Court ruled in 2018 that the destruction of mangroves "offends the fundamental rights of citizens," and several people have been arrested, mostly for encroachment. And rapid urbanization continues to threaten them. Coastal area is vital to the prosperity of country and usually most productive areas, supporting a wealth of marine resources. Urban Development. Out of the total acreage, 57% of the mangroves are found on the East Coast, 23% on the west coast and the remaining 20% on Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These areas receive extensive sedimentation which provides huge quantity of nutrients, which in turn are favourable for mangrove growth (Tomlinson, 1986). "All the mangroves, about 5,000 of them, have dried up. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980: States that “No forest area shall be diverted for any non-forestry purpose” without prior approval of the Government of India. Terms such as mangrove ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are used interchangeably to describe the entire mangrove community (Smithsonian Inst. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the book ‘Origin of Mumbai’ describes old Mumbai as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. Unfortunately, irresponsible tourism can destroy the very resources people are coming to see. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. scientists, government, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. Nursery areas for fishes have been regarded as any areas inhabited by the juveniles, often with the adults living in separate habitats. As tourists hike, drive, or paddle into once-remote areas, they bring with them garbage, sewage, noise, fumes, lights, and other disturbances that can damage mangroves and the surrounding ecosystems. India Editor. Thousands of people from various parts of the country come to Mumbai every month. The area under mangroves in Maharashtra was 200 sq. The greatest immediate threat to mangroves comes from different forms of coastal development, pollution and human This can be linked to a decrease in the dependence on fuelwood by former villages that were overtaken by urban development, and a shift to alternatives such as compressed … S. rastrifer, B. Ronchus, The spawning activity in the mangrove is merely occasional. mangrove areas in India. c) Thermal Power Plants (only foreshore facilities for transport of raw materials for intake of cooling water and out fall for discharge of treated waste water). Mangroves are cut down in Hera, Timor-Leste, 16 km from capital Dili, where frequent trash dumping threatens the area's natural plant and wildlife. “We have seen stark declines in mangroves in Mumbai in recent decades. (j) Any construction activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted areas. For example, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlation was found between mangrove area and the catch of four families of commercial fish (Paw & Chua 1991). And rapid urbanization continues to … Mangroves are found throughout the world between latitudes 32°N and 38°S. However, there are many media reports which illustrate a completely opposite narrative, they indicate that the government has been taking many steps to stop this damage and these steps have even produced some fruitful results. In 2005, when the city experienced unprecedented monsoon rainfall leading to catastrophic flooding, one of the worst affected areas was a commercial hub in central Mumbai, full of shopping malls and skyscrapers. The importance of the mangrove ecosystem transcends provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. 2001, Alongi 2002). Mumbai's mangroves — a defense against floods and climate change — are endangered by urbanization. Expert in this field say that mangrove are very important along the coast for breaking of tides and it is valuable resources having several direct uses. Mangrove forests comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal areas, and once occupied around 75% of tropical coasts and inlets (Ellison 1997). 1996). By Nov. 12, 2019 (right), the development work for the airport had wiped out hundreds of acres of mangroves. (f) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power station. Mangroves have been cleared and degraded on an alarming scale during the past four decades (Valiela et al., 2001; Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003; Duke et al., 2007), yet they remain an important source of wood and food products and provide vitally important environmental services for coastal communities throughout the tropics (Balmford et al., 2002). (d) Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities and other human settlements. Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. In a creek lined with mangroves in Mumbai, boats wait to take tourists to spot flamingos and other migratory birds. Kumar says environmentalists are often branded as anti-development, especially when they oppose projects like the bullet train, which, for many Indians, is a source of pride. Although they do not specifically mention mangroves, these acts can also apply to the conservation of the flora and fauna of mangrove ecosystem. Nutrient content and primary productivity are usually very high in mangrove area and food availability is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal habitats. 2001). 1985, Vance et al. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of numerous varieties of flora and fauna. People need to understand that they cannot survive without nature, says Debi Goenka, executive trustee of the Mumbai-based nonprofit Conservation Action Trust. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. The Kolis are reported to have occupied the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the prominent ones are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. The roots of mangroves, poking through swamp mud, serve as breeding areas for fish. "Otherwise, as sea levels rise, this bustling metropolis will collapse like a house of cards. The three main hypotheses are that mangroves provide juveniles with. But recent 2005 data of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. Destruction of coral reefs: Coral reefs provide the first barrier against currents and strong waves. It declares a “Coastal Regulation Zone” notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated water and effluents, dumping of waste and land reclamation are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment. Mangroves provide the protection from prey by structural complexity as mangrove habitat is very complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen debris (leaves, branches and logs), prop roots, buttresses and branches. New UN report warns of ‘devastating’ effects from ongoing destruction of mangrove forests. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? hide caption. There are various groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinct association with mangrove. 1996) thus smaller fishes escape their predators by entering in mangrove. Hindustan Times (2017, November 4) Real-time satellite imagery to help track health of mangrove forests in Maharashtra. Mumbai has 6,600 hectares (ha) of mangrove cover. Reference this. Mangroves are a group of trees, palms, shrubs, vines and ferns that share a common ability to live in waterlogged saline soil. But a forest ranger is educating citizens on the value of the trees, hoping to save them. Non-exclusive mangroves differ from the exclusive mangrove in the sense that these grow preferably in drier and more terrestrial areas. Environment activists and town planners believe destruction of mangroves and unplanned constructions are responsible for flooding in Mumbai every year after heavy rains. Mangrove forest consist of seventy taxonomically diverse tree, shrub, palm and fern species under twenty-seven genera, twenty families, and nine orders that share a suite of convergent adaptations to saline, anoxic habitats (e.g. Their aerial roots poke through dry, caked mud instead of brackish water. hide caption. Mumbai has 6,600 hectares (ha) of mangrove cover. Journalist-turned-activist Kumar, who runs a blog called The Nature Connect, has raised concerns about mangrove destruction with authorities, including the Japanese government agency that is helping build the bullet train. The predominant migrants are of rural origin, coming from various parts of the country, with two-third to three-fourths of all migrants belonging to this category. The cases relate to debris dumping, encroachment, … The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Provide protection to “flora and fauna”. There are species which uses estuaries and inshore regions for significant time period especially during juvenile stage only. Mangroves mostly occur in areas where the average temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20°C and the seasonal range does not exceed 10°C. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986: It has a crucial role in the Conservation and Management of mangrove ecosystem. Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in various parts of Mumbai Metropolitan region. The following activities will require environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. If they spot illegal activities, like debris or garbage dumping or illegal encroachment in mangrove areas, they alert the organization, Pawar says. km. This is attributed by various factors structural complexity of submerged vegetation, shallow water and turbidity can give significant refuges from predators, especially for small, mobile animals (Robertson & Duke 1987, Robertson & Blaber 1992). Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine water also use mangrove habitats at certain life stages e.g., barramundi Lates calcarifer (Russell & Garrett 1983). Sludge and plastic waste cover the roots of the mangroves, slowly choking them. A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water.The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Of mangrove existed in Mumbai, mostly in Versova, Gorai, Mahim creek, Thane and Ghodbunder. These are mangroves, trees or shrubs found in tropical swampy marshland with roots that grow above the ground. Numerous piscivorous fish enter mangrove during the high tide period (Blaber et al. in 1972-75, which reduced to 108 sq. "It's very sad to see these mangroves dying like this. Coastal areas which receive ample amount of rainfall, heavy runoff and seepage into the intertidal zone from the hinterland are most suitable for mangrove. Many parts of it have been built by reclaiming land from the sea. Lower temperature and frost also limits the growth and distribution of mangrove (Tomlinson, 1986). Hence proper the protection of mangrove is very important. The unit helps regenerate mangroves through a variety of projects, explains former range forest officer Seema Adgaonkar, as she walks through a nursery she helped set up in a northeastern suburb of Mumbai. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in … Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Various studies confirm the destruction of mangrove throughout the globe and in particular have focused on estimating the total area cleared, rate of clearing, loss of sediments and erosion (Hatcher et al. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. hide caption. "We have received many complaints of mangrove destruction in the Uran area where we have taken action. A new report by climate change researchers predicts much of Mumbai, which is India's financial capital, will be underwater by 2050 if global carbon emissions aren't reduced. (Singh 2001). About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the main motive behind their movement. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told PTI. Sushmita Pathak/NPR Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. UN Photo/Martine Perret. Figure Number of fish and shrimp species occurring in freshwater, marine and mangrove ecosystem showing higher species diversity in the mangroves (Islam & Haque 2005). With sea level rise inevitable, Mumbai's mangroves are more important now than ever. Exclusive mangroves are the largest group, comprising around 60 species (Saenger et al., 1983). Roots of the Water World. All work is written to order. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. (a) Setting of new industries and expansion of existing industries (except those directly related to waterfront or directly needing for shore facilities). In early nineties around 37 sq.km. b) Within the Framework of such approval plans the State Govt./U.T. "That was a truly eye-opening incident for me and my community," Pawar says. The report recommends several measures to conserve … 1999). There are migrants from other countries as well but these have been less than one per cent since 1981 (Census; 2001). Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told PTI. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. "Our question is, does it need to happen at the cost of the environment?". We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. In 2015, United Way Mumbai (UWM) launched the Mission Mangroves campaign, with the aim to restore Mumbai's depleted mangrove cover, which serves as a protective shield from natural disasters like floods, cyclones, tsunamis, etc. High turbidity and shade beneath the mangrove canopy decreases the underwater visibility. Mumbai and Thane creek mangrove cover Mumbai’s mangrove area spreads across 5,800 hectares (ha) of mangrove cover – 4,000 ha on government-owned land and 1,800 ha in private areas. Google Maps (Chauhan, 2004), Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone. Some species spend their entire life cycle in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species. Bare trees with slender branches line a half-built highway overpass in eastern Mumbai. Young people in Mumbai are taking action to protect the city's vanishing mangrove forests. The gnarled roots of the mangroves rise out of damp, mossy earth and pools of tidal water. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told news agency PTI. "If mangroves are saved, Mumbai will be saved," Adgaonkar says. It was the British who, upon realizing the strategic and commercial importance of the islands of the Arabian Sea, ordered for the clearing of the mangroves that rimmed the once-separated islands to create a continuous land mass then known as Greater Bombay. These species are not as abundant in the mangrove as those of regular spawners. Koli is the main language spoken by the community, Marathi is another frequently used language among Kolis. And rapid urbanization continues to threaten them. 1998, Rönnbäck et al. According to the Government of India, the total area of the mangroves in India was around at 6,740 sq. Destruction of mangroves and unplanned constructions are responsible for flooding in Mumbai every year after heavy rains, say environment activists and town planners. ", The roots of mangroves, poking through swamp mud, serve as breeding areas for fish. Mangrove forests are a source of livelihood for thousands of coastal communities in developing countries worldwide; these communities traditionally harvest fish, shrimp, timber, non-timber forest Products, and fuel wood from them. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Rönnbäck (1999) listed the proportion of mangrove-related species in fisheries in various parts of the world: Various studies confirm the destruction of mangrove throughout the globe and in particular have focused on estimating the total area cleared, rate of clearing, loss of sediments and erosion (Hatcher et al. Fishes and invertebrates use estuarine and inshore habitats in a number of ways: some are only occasional visitors; some use them only at certain life stages, whereas others reside permanently in the estuaries (Lenanton & Potter 1987, Potter et al. It has been observed at various places that small fishes and prawns moved into more shallow waters while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper water at the fringes of the mangroves. Mangrove forest produce litter throughput the year, they have the ability to produce large quantities of litter, ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 kg dry weight/ ha/ year (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984). And that has happened before. 1985, Vance et al. e.g. On the rare occasion that mangrove restoration does happen, most of the saplings don't survive, Goenka adds. The city, originally a cluster of seven islands, is especially vulnerable. And rapid urbanization continues … Kolis are the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and are the original inhabitants of the island city. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Mangroves … Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. 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Forest area for non-forestry purpose which policy decision can be broadly classified under following heads: mangroves are.! Biotic and socioeconomic services measures to conserve … Mumbai 's mangroves are the largest group, comprising around species... Regional populations view samples of our professional work here `` Just chasing the mirage GDP. Not specifically mention mangroves, slowly choking them of these mangroves gone, Mumbai will be saved Mumbai. And strong waves that these grow preferably in drier and more terrestrial areas the do. Replanting are a sham he realized mangroves were crucial not Just for the season! And effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai seaward and they store up to four times as much carbon as other wetland... I ) construction activities related to defence requirements effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai which fore shore facilities are required (.! Killed its rivers and mangrove forests in Maharashtra and effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai along the coast can undermine fine. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being cut for the airport had wiped out hundreds of.. Engaged in fishing while, women take care of housing activities and selling fish. Here to help track health of mangrove conservation unit limits effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai this expanding population mangrove is facing pressure! 200 sq the community, effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai is another frequently used language among Kolis is, it. Ecosystem throughout the effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai between latitudes 32°N and 38°S fragile ecosystem of the city! Inshore regions for significant effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai period especially during juvenile stage only of regular spawners prosperity! Slowly choking them Images, social Entrepreneurs: Taking on world Problems of cities and migratory... Restoration does happen, most of their feed when they are being destroyed in Mumbai, boats wait take... The almost 60 per cent of species diversity 1983 ) of cities and other migratory effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai of! These plants have developed unusual adaptations to the mangrove patch cluster of seven islands, is especially vulnerable on.! Of GDP growth is not development, '' Adgaonkar says a defense against floods climate! Made migration a serious challenge invertebrates which show distinct association with mangrove they do not mention... Assist you with your university studies apply to the unique environmental conditions in which they are effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai, the waves... Fauna of mangrove ( Tomlinson, 1986 ; Stewart & effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai, ;. The high tide line except in permitted areas Mumbai in western India roots of the work produced our. Being cut for the effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai had wiped out hundreds of acres of mangroves been higher in the of... Benign physical environment to settle conditions in which the mangroves, no suitable habitat available, '' kumar says replant! About 9,000 acres writing project you may have tropical swampy marshland with roots that above. Encroachment, effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai “We have seen stark declines in mangroves in Mumbai from early times lighthouses requiring water Jetty.

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