spain protectorate morocco

Maura Sultan Mohammed became king in 1957. The Treaty of French Protectorate signed in Fez March 30, 1912, was based in fact on Article 8 of the Franco-British declaration of 8 April 1904 (Entente Cordiale), which states in part a logical dialogue between France and Spain (which has not yet formalized its protectorate over areas of influence that are already assigned to it). [7] The British and French, without any Spanish insistence,[ further explanation needed ] acknowledged Spain's right to a zone of influence in Morocco in Article 8 of the Entente cordiale of 8 April 1904: [7]. The Alhucemas landing was a landing operation which took place on 8 September 1925 at Alhucemas by the Spanish Army and Navy and, in lesser numbers, an allied French contingent, that would put an end to the Rif War. Such beliefs made Spanish politicians more receptive to the adoption of a forward policy in Morocco. Mails were sent via post offices operated by the Sherifan post created by the Sultan, and by the European powers. [2] It ended in 1956, when both France and Spain recognized Moroccan independence. The 1000 mm gauge main line Melilla - Beni Ensar - Tizi Tavessart - Atalayon - Nador - Segagnan - San Juan de las Minas - Minas de Jebel Uisai (Ulad Canem) 31,5 km was the first common carrier railway in Spanish Morocco between Melilla and San Juan de las Minas. Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to Turkish, French, or Britishdomination. SPANISH MOROCCO. It has a population of approximately 20,000 people. The northern zone became part of independent Morocco on 7 April 1956, shortly after France had ceded its protectorate (French Morocco). The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. [9], In March 1905, the German Kaiser , Wilhelm II, visited Tangier, a city of international character in northern Morocco. The capital, Rabat, lies a short distance to the north on the Atlantic coast. This map shows the division of colonized Morocco between Spain and France. Among others, the Liberal leader Montero Ríos stated that if northwestern Morocco were to come under the civil or military protectorate of France, Spain would see itself besieged perpetually in the north and south by the same power. Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. In spite of any belief that colonial possessions enhanced the standing of a nation, most parliamentary politicians were reluctant, particularly after the 1898 disaster, to cast Spain into a colonial role. Spain in Morocco Aside from a visible influence in history, culture, architecture, art and culinary tradition, Spain still has some territories in Morocco. The Junta de Obras del Puerto de Melilla started at ones extensive building of harbour to carry mineral traffic overseas, mainly to Spain. Repertorio biográfico y emocional (Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. Another company, the Ferrocarril Nador-Tistutin built a 1000 mm gauge 36 km Nador - Tinequemart - Zeluan - Monte Arruit - Tistutin - El Batel line. After the partition of Morocco into French and Spanish protectorate and the international zone of Tangier in 1912, France and Spain established postal services in their respective zones. The Treaty of Wad Ras was a treaty between Morocco and Spain, signed at the end of the Tetuan War on April 26, 1860 at Wad Ras, located between Tetuan and Tangier. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate… and its neighbourhood (about oo sq.m.) The French Protectorate(green) controlled a larger portion of Morocco than the Spanish Protectorate(pink/red). A month later Spain ceded most of its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept its two coastal enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla) on the Mediterranean coast. Morocco claims Ceuta and Melilla as integral parts of the country, considering them to be under foreign occupation, comparing their status to that of Gibraltar. As for the plazas de soberanía (Spanish name for various enclaves and islands on the northern Moroccan coast), they were gained in 16th–19th centuries, before the international agreements on the Protectorate. Plaza de Africa. The first years of the twenti… The company built an extensive railway network in the Melilla area. The length of this lead carrier was 19 km. The final act of the Algeciras Conference (7 April 1906) created the State Bank of Morocco, guaranteed the attending powers equal commercial rights in Morocco and created a native Moroccan police force led by French and Spanish officers. Sidi Ifni is a city located in southwest Morocco, on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. [3] The city of Tangiers was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally-controlled status as Tangier International Zone. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco [lower-alpha 1] was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain [1] that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate. (From the caliph of the king of Morocco to the Conference of the Maghreb). The extensions south to Benkarrir and Zina 18 km was opened on 31.03.1921 and west to Laucien 8 km, when the railway bridge at Mogote was finally completed, on the same day. What to see in Ceuta, Spain. In 1956, when French Morocco became independent, Spain discontinued the Protectorate and surrendered the territory to the newly independent kingdom while retaining the plazas de soberanía, Ifni and other colonies outside Morocco, such as Spanish Sahara. Tangier (q.v.) Morocco - Morocco - The Spanish Zone: The Spanish protectorate over northern Morocco extended from Larache (El-Araish) on the Atlantic to 30 miles (48 km) beyond Melilla (already a Spanish possession) on the Mediterranean. [13]. When the area was finally pacified in 1926 the lines were lifted and the rolling stock transferred elsewhere. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.. While the sparsely populated Cabo Juby was administered as a single entity with Spanish Sahara, the northern territories of the Spanish zone of influence, consisting of the northern part of Morocco, except Ceuta, Melilla and Tangier, were administered as a protectorate with its capital at Tetuán (Tétouan). The Spanish Protectorate extends over a zone of about 18,30o sq.m., with an estimated population of 460,000 (1923). Later, when El Batel - Dar Driuch 23.5 km, El Batel - Ulad Candussi - Dar Quebdani 23 km, Dar Driuch - Tafersit 12 km had been decided to be built to standard 600 mm gauge field railways the Spanish Army bought a number of surplus former German built World War I locomotives and rolling stock from Germany. There he loudly touted Germany's economic interests in Morocco and assured the Sultan of financial assistance in the event of a threat to Moroccan independence. The economic base of the city is fishing. Then, in 1934, the southern part began to being managed directly from Tetuán (in the northern part of the protectorate) and the seat of the Spanish West Africa was moved from Cape Juby to the territory of Ifni (not a part of the protectorate), which had been occupied by the Spaniards that year. Its inhabitants are the Shilha from the Ait Baamrane tribe. The European enclaves in North Africa were towns, fortifications and trading posts on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of western North Africa, obtained by various European powers in the period before they had the military capacity to occupy the interior. [15], In 1956, when France ended its protectorate over Morocco, Spain discontinued the protectorate and retroceded the territory to the newly independent kingdom, while retaining the plazas de soberanía which were part of Spain prior to the colonial period, Cape Juby, Ifni, and other colonies (such as Spanish Sahara) outside of Morocco. The border has existed purely in a de jure sense since Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara in 1975. In late 1955, Mohammed V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. Coordinates: 35°00′00″N4°30′00″W / 35.0000°N 4.5000°W / 35.0000; -4.5000, Map of Spanish Morocco with its Northern (Spanish Morocco proper) and Southern (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Narrow gauge railways in former Spanish Morocco, List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco, [pɾo.tek̚.to.ˈɾa.ðo ɛs.pa.ˈɲol ðɛ ma.ˈrwe.kos], Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927, "The Spanish Zones in Morocco (Continued)", "El mapa topográfico del Protectorado de Marruecos en su contexto político e institucional (1923–1940)", "Franquismo y descolonización española en África", Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1932). In 1906, the Algeciras Conference recognized France and Spain's claims for power in the region. The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the African War, was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate [2] around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. Because the local Muslim troops had been among Franco's earliest supporters, the protectorate enjoyed more political freedom than Franco-era Spain proper after Franco's victory,[5] with competing political parties and a Moroccan nationalist press, criticizing the Spanish government. The Protectorate did not formally include Ceuta and Melilla. The Spanish lost more than 13,000 soldiers at Annual in July–August 1921. When Spanish General Alfau occupied Tetuán in 1913 it was decided to build an 18 km 600 mm gauge railway to Río Martín using the trackbed of the former lifted standard gauge railway. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized France's special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. With new harbour installations the company built also a 750 mm gauge local 4.1 km harbour line from Melilla Harbour to Sidi Musa, later extended to the total length of 7 km as demanded by Spanish military. The legal Islamic qadis system was formally maintained. [14] The area held competing political parties and a Moroccan nationalist press, which often criticized the Spanish government. The Republic of the Rif led by the guerrilla leader Abd El-Krim was a breakaway state that existed in the Rif region from 1921 to 1926, when it was dissolved by joint expedition of the Spanish Army of Africa and French forces during the Rif War. In the 1958 Ifni War, which spread from Sidi Ifni to Río de Oro, Morocco gained Tarfaya (the southern part of the protectorate) [16] and reduced the Spanish control of the Ifni territory to the perimeter of the city itself. Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the Treaty of Angra de Cintra on 1 April 1958, after the short Ifni War. There was continuous unrest in the area and the Rif Cabyle rebels attacked the railways. Spain was granted lands in the southwest region of the country as well as along the Mediterranean Coast in the North. See all articles by this author. It was formally defined as a Spanish Protectorate nine months later as a result of a subsequent Treaty between France and Spain regarding Morocco signed in Madrid 27 November 1912. Consisting of indigenous infantry and cavalry recruited in Spanish Morocco, forming part of the Army of Africa and officered by Spaniards, these troops played a significant role in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). During the last decades of the 19th century, Spain observed with apprehension the increasing influence of other European powers in the region. The British goal in these negotiations with France was to ensure that a weaker power (Spain) held the strategic coast opposite Gibraltar in return for Britain ceding all their influence in Morocco. Since France had given up her ambitions in Ottoman Libya in a convention with Italy in 1903, she felt entitled to a greater share of Morocco. Spanish Morocco, on the northwest coast of Africa and consisting of local Berber populations, was a Spanish protectorate from 1912-1956. Morocco was forced to pay a 20 million duro indemnity—far greater the balance of the Makhzen's treasury; the territories of the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla were extended further into Moroccan territory; and Sidi Ifni became a Spanish possession. Spain considers both cities integral parts of the Spanish geography, since they were part of Spain for centuries before the occupation of Morocco. The harbour was built in 1911 - 1914 but World War I delayed the 34 km standard gauge railway line to Larache to 1922. [8] Spain received a zone of influence consisting of a northern strip of territory and a southern strip. It established the French protectorate in Morocco, and remained in effect until the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration of March 2, 1956. Spanish Sahara, officially the Province of the Sahara between 1958 and 1976, was the name used for the modern territory of Western Sahara when it was occupied and ruled by Spain between 1884 and 1976. [7] France began negotiating with Spain at once, but the offer of 1902 was no longer on the table. While the sparsely populated Cabo Juby was administered as a single entity with Spanish Sahara, the northern territories of the Spanish zone of influence, consisting of the northern part of Morocco, except Ceuta, Melilla and Tangier, were administered as a protectorate with its capital at Tetuán (Tétouan). On April 7 of that ye… Cape Juby is a cape on the coast of southern Morocco, near the border with Western Sahara, directly east of the Canary Islands. However, in the latter part of the nineteenth century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. There was also the widespread belief, in Spain as elsewhere in Europe at the turn of the 20th century, that the possession of colonies increased the prestige of a nation. The Communist Party of Spain and Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), advocated anti-colonial policies, and pressured the Republican government to support the independence of Spanish Morocco, intending to create a rebellion at Franco's back and cause disaffection among his Moroccan troops. The postal history of Morocco is complex due to the country's political development in the 20th century. The Spanish zone was completely autono… The Morocco–Western Sahara border is 444 km in length and runs from Atlantic Ocean in the west, to the tripoint with Algeria in the east. [6], In a convention dated 27 June 1900, France and Spain agreed to recognize separate zones of influence in Morocco, but did not specify their boundaries. Spanish troops provisionally occupied Tangier during World War II, on t… It is located in Guelmim-Oued Noun region and Sidi Ifni Province. The Algeria–Western Sahara border is 41 km in length and runs from the tripoint with Morocco in the north to the tripoint with Mauritania in the south. France was granted the rest and in 1912, the Treaty of Fez officially made Morocco a protectorate of France. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish … In March 1956 the French protectorate was ended and Morocco regained its independence from France as the "Kingdom of Morocco". 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