what is the will schopenhauer

The first edition was met with near universal silence. Schopenhauer’s theories on philosophy did not only open up a new chapter in the subject but also influenced some of the intellectual giants like Leo Tolstoy, Gustav Mahler, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jorge Luis Borges, Carl Jung and many others. Schopenhauer's praise for asceticism led him to think highly of Buddhism and Vedanta Hinduism, as well as some monastic orders and ascetic practices found in Catholicism. His views had not changed substantially. In 1793, his family decided to move to Hamburg, after opposing Prussia’s invasion to Danzig. by E. F. J. Payne (Indian Hills, Colorado: The Falcon’s Wing, 1958), Arthur Schopenhauer "The world as will and representation", Courier Dover Publications (1969). ('Might not nature finally fathom itself?'). But also conversely, to those in whom the will has turned and denied itself, this very real world of ours with all its suns and galaxies, is - nothing. 1793 siedelte die Familie infolge der Polnischen Teilung nach Hamburg über, wo der junge Schopenhauer eine Kaufmannslehre begann, die er 1807 zugunsten einer gymnasialen Ausbildung in Gotha abbrach. Will, for Schopenhauer, is what Kant called the “thing-in-itself”. ESSAY ON THE FREEDOM OF THE WILL Arthur Schopenhauer Translated, with an introduction, by Konstantin Kolenda Associate Professor of Philosophy, The Rice University The Library of Liberal Arts published by … The will, lying outside the principium individuationis, is free from all plurality (though its phenomena, existing in space and time, are innumerable). The World as Will and Representation marked the pinnacle of Schopenhauer’s philosophical thought; he spent the rest of his life refining, clarifying, and deepening the ideas presented in this work without any fundamental changes. According to Schopenhauer, the deep truth of the matter is that in cases of the over-affirmation of the will—that is, cases where one individual exerts his will not only for its own fulfillment but for the improper domination of others—he is unaware that he is really identical with the person he is harming, so that the Will in fact constantly harms itself, and justice is done in the moment in which the crime is committed, since the same metaphysical individual is both the perpetrator and the victim. Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, Eastern vs. Western metaphysics and philosophy, Indian Vedic-Hindu Philosophy ~ The Atman which is Brahman, Western Philosophy as a series of footnotes to Plato - A. N. Whitehead quote, Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a Tripartite Soul view of Human Nature. The first edition was published in late 1818, with the date 1819 on the title-page. Schopenhauer asserts that Kant's greatest merit was the distinction between appearance [Erscheinung] and the thing-in-itself [Ding an sich], proving that the intellect always stands between us and things, and thus we cannot have knowledge of things as they may be in themselves. Arthur Schopenhauer was born in 1788 in the city of Danzig (present-day Gdańsk in Poland). "Schopenhauer tells us that when the will is denied, the sage becomes nothing, without actually dying. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A second, two-volume edition appeared in 1844: volume one was an edited version of the 1818 edition, while volume two consisted of commentary on the ideas expounded in volume one. In ordinary usage, Vorstellung could be rendered as "idea" (thus the title of Haldane and Kemp's translation.) The human who comprehends this would 'negate' his will and thus be freed from the pains of existence that result from the will's ceaseless striving. Schopenhauer was the first serious Western philosopher to get interested in Buddhism – and his thought can best be read as a Western interpretation […] Er sah sich selbst als Schüler und Vollender Immanuel Kants, dessen Philosophie er als Vorbereitung seiner eigenen Lehre auffasste. w/ lobeto (sexual urge), it is the same context as Schopenhauer. Innerhalb der Philosophie des 19. This entailsthat his outlook on daily life as a cruel and violence-filled world— a world generated by the application of the principle ofsufficient reason, is based on a human-conditioned intuition, namely,the direct, double-knowl… Schopenhauer's philosophy appears in the philosophies of whom? As beings in the Universe, we can conceive of ourselves in two ways. Platos' Republic, Comparative Religion studies & The Faith vs Reason Debate. The second edition of 1844 similarly failed to attract any interest. [1] A second, two-volume edition appeared in 1844: volume one was an edited version of the 1818 edition, while volume two consisted of commentary on the ideas expounded in volume one. Arthur Schopenhauer (/ ˈ ʃ oʊ p ən h aʊ. To be mentioned are Wagner (Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde), Schönberg,[24] Mahler,[25] who cites The World as Will and Representation as "the most profound writing on music he had ever encountered",[26] Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Jorge Luis Borges, Tolstoy, D. H. Lawrence and Samuel Beckett. In … His father, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, was a “Voltairist” 1, a supporter of the French revolution, and an Anglophile that admired England as the land of freedom and intellect. If it were undetermined, then according to Schopenhauer the reaction would … Schopenhauer entwarf eine Lehre, die gleichermaßen Erkenntnistheorie, Metaphysik, Ästhetik und Ethik umfasst. Schopenhauer introduced a concept of character as that part of a person which, upon interaction with circumstances, determines moral and asthetic decisions. There is no sense in which an object is thinkable except as being apprehended from a point of view. Pessimistic thinker, Arthur Schopenhauer has shattered the illusions performed on human and had a considerable influence on the history of philosophy (Nietzsche), on the art (Wagner) or literature (Maupassant) . The second volume consisted of several essays expanding topics covered in the first. The world as representation is, therefore, the ‘objectification’ of the will. Charles Darwin quoted The World as Will and Representation in The Descent of Man. The world that we perceive can be understood as a "presentation" of objects in the theatre of our own mind. An aesthetic experience does not arise from the object stimulating our will; hence Schopenhauer criticized depictions of nude women and appetizing food, as these stimulate desire and thus hinder the viewer from becoming "the pure, will-less subject of knowledge.". Schopenhauers Wohnung beschrieb Franz wie folgt: Schopenhauer demands that his doctoral dissertation On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which appeared in 1813, be read before WWR as an introduction. When we contemplate something aesthetically, we have knowledge of the object not as an individual thing but rather as a universal Platonic Idea (die Platonische Idee). 1813 erh… Less successful is his theory of genetics: he argued that humans inherit their will, and thus their character, from their fathers, but their intellect from their mothers and he provides examples from biographies of great figures to illustrate this theory. For example, from New Scientist: "Eric 'Barry' Keverne ... and Azim Surani ... have evidence that in the mouse the mother's genes contribute more to the development of the 'thinking', or 'executive', centres of the brain, while paternal genes have a greater impact on the development of the 'emotional' limbic brain." His family was quite wealthy and well-educated. Exceptions were Goethe and Jean Paul. What, we might ask, is the final goal of Schopenhauer's philosophy, the conclusion toward which it would all point if it were to be fulfilled? Weitere Anregungen bezog er aus der Ideenlehre Platons und aus Vorstellungen östlicher Philosophien. “It is the courage to make a clean breast of it in the face of every question that makes the philosopher.” At the end of Book 4, Schopenhauer appended a thorough discussion of the merits and faults of Kant's philosophy. [34], The title page of the expanded 1844 edition, If the whole world as representation is only the visibility of the will, then art is the elucidation of this visibility, the, Relationship to earlier philosophical work, Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy (Appendix), especially John Oxenford, "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy," in, Arthur Schopenhauer "The world as will and representation", transl. Arthur Schopenhauer, (born February 22, 1788, Danzig, Prussia [now Gdańsk, Poland]—died September 21, 1860, Frankfurt am Main [Germany]), German philosopher, often called the “philosopher of pessimism,” who was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against Hegelian idealism. Those who have a high degree of genius can be taught to communicate these aesthetic experiences to others, and objects that communicate these experiences are works of art. Specifically, the first book deals with representation subject to the principle of sufficient reason (German: Satz vom Grunde). The quotation comes from a poem to Staatsminister von Voigt, 27 September 1816. The World as Will and Representation (WWR; German: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, WWV) is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer turns to laws of acoustics to authenticate his collateral analysis of music and nature, and in so doing, to validate his metaphysical vision. However, Kant uses the Latin term repraesentatio when discussing the meaning of Vorstellung (Critique of Pure Reason A320/B376). It is the notion of a performance or theatrical presentation – of which one is the spectator – that is key in this interpretation. Adele Schopenhauer (1797-1849), deutsche Schriftstellerin, Tochter von Johanna und Schwester von Arthur Schopenhauer; Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), deutscher Philosoph, Bruder von Adele und Sohn von Johanna Schopenhauer; Johanna Schopenhauer (1766-1833), deutsche Schriftstellerin, Mutter von Arthur und Adele Schopenhauer We consider objects to be beautiful that best facilitate contemplation that is purely objective by a will-less consciousness and express 'elevated' Ideas (such as those of humanity). Therefore music is by no means like the other arts, namely a copy of the Ideas, but a copy of the will itself, the objectivity of which are the Ideas. Orphisch [de]. Genius, according to Schopenhauer, is possessed by all people in varying degrees and consists of the capacity for aesthetic experience. All things that exist, including human beings, must be part of this fundamental unity. Schopenhauer was one of the first philosophers to write extensively about sexuality. According to Schopenhauer, the will is the 'inner essence' of the entire world, i.e. The influence of Schopenhauer can be read in Gespräche mit Goethe and Urworte. Schopenhauer begins WWR by examining the world as it shows itself to us in our minds: objects ordered necessarily by space and time and by cause-and-effect relationships. Thus it is necessary to study the book repeatedly, since this alone will clarify the connection of each part to the other; only then will they all reciprocally illuminate each other and become perfectly clear. He writes: Thus music is as immediate an objectification and copy of the whole will as the world itself is, indeed as the Ideas are, the multiplied phenomenon of which constitutes the world of individual things. It also relativizes to the human condition,Schopenhauer’s position that the world is Will. Arthur Schopenhauer… He is best known for his book, The World as Will and Representation, in which he claimed that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction. Start studying Schopenhauer and the Will. All phenomena embodies essential striving: electricity and gravity, for instance, are described as fundamental forces of the will. In his chief work, The World as Will and Idea (1819), he expounded the view that will is the creative primary factor and idea the secondary receptive factor. Buddhism identifies the individual's pervasive sense of dissatisfaction as driving craving, roughly similar to what Schopenhauer would call the will to life. [19] The second volume also contains attacks on contemporary philosophers such as Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. 1788–1860, German pessimist philosopher. the Platonic Idea, the immediate and adequate objecthood of the will, which is the object of art). The first edition was published in late 1818, with the date 1819 on the title-page. Schopenhauer argues that what does the "presenting" – what sets the world as 'presentation' before one – is the cognizant subject itself. Other artworks objectify the will only indirectly by means of the Ideas (the adequate objectification of the will), and our world is nothing but the appearance of the Ideas in multiplicity resulting from those Ideas entering into the principium individuationis. The individual is then able to lose himself in the object of aesthetic contemplation and, for a brief moment, escape the cycle of unfulfilled desire as a "pure, will-less subject of knowledge" (reinen, willenlosen Subjekts der Erkenntniß). Schopenhauer (German ˈʃoːpənhauər) n (Biography) Arthur (ˈartʊr). Salvation can only result from the recognition that individuality is nothing more than an illusion—the world in itself cannot be divided into individuals—which 'tranquilizes' the will. Taking the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant as his starting point, Schopenhauer argues that the world we experience around us—the world of objects in space and time and related in causal ways—exists solely as ‘representation’ (Vorstellung) dependent on a cognizing subject, not as a world that can be considered to exist in itself (i.e. Much later in his life, in 1844, Schopenhauer published a second edition in two volumes, the first a virtual reprint of the original, and the second a new work consisting of clarifications to and additional reflections on the first. "[16] When willing disappears, both the willer and the world become nothing. T… The manifestation of the single will into the multiplicity of objects we experience is the will's objectivation. Schopenhauer categorically denies the existence of the "freedom of the will" in the conventional sense, and only adumbrates how the will can be affirmed or negated, but is not subject to change, and serves as the root of the chain of causal determinism. His theories have some 1, Book III, §52. Schopenhauer's principal work, The World as Will and Idea / Representation, is comprised of four books. ər /; German: [ˈaʁtʊʁ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊ̯ɐ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. In the English language, this work is known under three different titles. Nietzsche commented, "I belong to those readers of Schopenhauer who know perfectly well, after they have turned the first page, that they will read all the others, and listen to every word that he has spoken". For Schopenhauer, human desiring, “willing”, and craving cause suffering or pain. "...[T]o one who has achieved the will-less state, it is the world of the willer that has been disclosed as 'nothing'. In Book III, Schopenhauer returns to considering the world as representation; this time, he focuses on representation independent of the principle of sufficient reason (i.e. In the first book, Schopenhauer considers the world as representation. A representation is any object that appears to a subject, i.e., any object appearing in consciousness, such as things seen, heard, or imagined. Schopenhauer's philosophy holds that all nature, including man, is the expression of an insatiable will. Jahrbuch zum Conversations-Lexikon, 4. (by Gail Vines, 3 May 1997, p 34, "...the deeper preoccupation of his [Wittgenstein’s] later years remained the same as that of his youth: to complete the logical and ethical tasks begun by Kant and Schopenhauer." Thus, as is commonly done, one might use the English term 'representation' to render Vorstellung (as done by E. F. J. Payne in his translation.). Schopenhauer compares the experience of something as beautiful to the experience of something as sublime (das Erhabene)—in the latter case, we struggle over our natural hostility to the object of contemplation and are elevated above it. No philosopher had given so much importance to art: one fourth of The World as Will and Representation is concerned with aesthetics. Schopenhauer claims that eleven of Kant's categories are superfluous 'blind windows' meant for the purposes of architectonic symmetry. True redemption from life, Schopenhauer asserts, can only result from the total ascetic negation of the ‘will to life.’ Schopenhauer notes fundamental agreements between his philosophy, Platonism, and the philosophy of the ancient Indian Vedas. He argues that only aesthetic pleasure creates momentary escape from the will. Music occupies a privileged place in Schopenhauer's aesthetics, as he believed it to have a special relationship to the will. With what is Freud obsessed w/, and how does this relate to Schopenhauer's philosophy? [6] A later English translation by Richard E. Aquila in collaboration with David Carus is titled The World as Will and Presentation (2008). Like many other aesthetic theories, Schopenhauer's centers on the concept of genius. The first and third treating with the World as Representation (or Idea) and being largely based on Kant, the second and fourth treating with the World as Will which, based on his own speculations, considered the notion that the Will is the key to all existence. Schopenhauer is first and foremost the philosopher of genius. Human capacity for cognition, Schopenhauer asserts, is subordinate to the demands of the will. The philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Philipp Mainländer both described the discovery of The World as Will and Representation as a revelation. Arthur Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation Lecture VII No will = No world The goal of it all. Schopenhauer argues that the Will is the cause of all our suffering. Its hold over us, its seeming reality, has been 'abolished' so that it now stands before us as nothing but a bad dream from which we are, thankfully, awaking. Music, Schopenhauer asserts, passes over the Ideas and is therefore independent of the phenomenal world. [13], His belated fame after 1851 stimulated renewed interest in his seminal work, and led to a third and final edition with 136 more pages in 1859, one year before his death. The reader will be at an even further advantage if they are already familiar with the ancient Indian philosophy contained within the Upanishads. Schopenhauer pointed out that anything outside of time and space could not be differentiated, so the thing-in-itself must be one. After spending the following winter in Weimar, he lived in Dresden and published his treatise On Vision and Colours in 1816. Most important are his reflections on death and his theory on sexuality, which saw it as a manifestation of the whole will making sure that it will live on and depriving humans of their reason and sanity in their longing for their loved ones. Love can't be merely an illusion of the mind to aid in procreation, but the path to redemption for an otherwise violently selfish species. Schopenhauer answers that question for us very plainly on pp 411-12. SCHOPENHAUER Essay on the Freedom of the Will. 185), Schopenhauer depicts the genius as someone who is less subjected to the Will than their peers. the Kantian thing-in-itself (Ding an sich), and exists independently of the forms of the principle of sufficient reason that govern the world as representation. independently of how it appears to the subject’s mind). Schopenhauer argued in favor of transformism by pointing to one of the most important and familiar evidences of the truth of the theory of descent, the homologies in the inner structure of all the vertebrates. During the aesthetic experience, we gain momentary relief from the pain that accompanies our striving. Aesthetic experiences release a person briefly from his endless servitude to the will, which is the root of suffering. Presentation and comprehension are both made easier by the separation of four principal perspectives into four Books, connecting what is related and homogeneous with the utmost of care. He develops his philosophy over four books covering epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, and ethics. Schopenhauer identifies the thing-in-itself—the inner essence of everything—as will: a blind, unconscious, aimless striving devoid of knowledge, outside of space and time, and free of all multiplicity. However, most desires are never fulfilled, and those that are fulfilled are instantly replaced by more unfulfilled ones. Schopenhauer's concept of desire has strong parallels in Buddhist thought. We perceive a multiplicity of objects related to one another in necessary ways. This neglect came to an end in the last years of his life. SCHOPENHAUER Essay on the Freedom of the Will. Band, Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1860, S. 711 ff", "zu einer projektirten Uebersetzung Hume's", Mahler: Das Lied von der Erde by Stephen Helfling, "Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science", Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata, Mainländer's critique of the Schopenhauerian philosophy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World_as_Will_and_Representation&oldid=992764886, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, On the Doctrine of Knowledge of Perception or Knowledge of the Understanding, On the Doctrine of Abstract Knowledge, or Knowledge of Reason, On the Relation of Knowledge of Perception to Abstract Knowledge, On the Essential Imperfections of the Intellect, On the Practical Use of Our Reason and on Stoicism, On the Possibility of Knowing the Thing-in-Itself, On the Primacy of the Will in Self-Consciousness, On Objectification of the Will in the Animal Organism, On Retrospect and More General Consideration, On the objectification of the Will in Nature without Knowledge, On Transcendent Considerations on the Will as Thing-in-Itself, On Isolated Remarks on the Aesthetics of the Plastic and Pictorial Arts, On Death and Its Relation to the Indestructibility of Our Inner nature, On The Metaphysics of Sexual Love [+ Appendix], On the Doctrine of the Denial of the Will-to-Live, This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 23:51. Schopenhauer wurde am 22. Schopenhauer's philosophy holds that all nature, including man, is the expression of an insatiable will… In The World As Will & Representation (Idea) (1819), Arthur Schopenhauer presents a two-sided metaphysics. Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22, 1788 in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) to a prosperous merchant, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, and his much younger wife, Johanna. On February 22, 1788, famous and most influential German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was born. (Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation) Instead of being a manifestation of God, Schopenhauer thought the world is a manifestation of will, which is a blind impulse or force which is not divine or benevolent, but ‘demonic’. Pessimistic thinker, Arthur Schopenhauer has shattered the illusions performed on human and had a considerable influence on the history of philosophy (Nietzsche), on the art (Wagner) or literature (Maupassant) . ESSAY ON THE FREEDOM OF THE WILL Arthur Schopenhauer Translated, with an introduction, by Konstantin Kolenda Associate Professor of Philosophy, The Rice University The Library of Liberal Arts published by thb BOBBS-MERRILL company, me. Quotations. Schopenhauer’s concept of will to life can be said to consist of several branches and can be explored and understood from its metaphysical, psychological and biological implications. “[On Schopenhauer in Black and White] Schopenhauer's views of love are flawed. It is through the will, the in-itself of all existence, that humans find all their suffering. Allan Janik and, "In theoretical matters, Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of the, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, "It's All in the Presentation: A New Look at Schopenhauer", "Unsere Zeit. Desire for more is what causes this suffering. In the years where the work was largely ignored, Jean Paul praised it as "a work of philosophical genius, bold, universal, full of penetration and profoundness—but of a depth often hopeless and bottomless, akin to that melancholy lake in Norway, in whose deep water, beneath the steep rock-walls, one never sees the sun, but only stars reflected",[21] on which Schopenhauer commented: "In my opinion the praise of one man of genius fully makes good the neglect of a thoughtless multitude".[22]. Schopenhauer uses Vorstellung to describe whatever comes before in the mind in consciousness (as opposed to the will, which is what the world that appears to us as Vorstellung is in itself.) Comparative Religion similarities = A Proof of the Existence of God? However, The World as Will and Representation contains an appendix entitled "Critique of the Kantian philosophy," in which Schopenhauer rejects most of Kant's ethics and significant parts of his epistemology and aesthetics. (source: Wikipedia) Europe had been torn apart by the time Arthur Schopenhauer was a … Schopenhauer saw the human will as our one window to the reality behind the world as representation, i.e. Publisher description: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was one of the greatest writers and German philosophers of the nineteenth century. a struggle btwn self awareness and urge. Im selben Jahr ging er nach Weimar, bis er zwei Jahre später an der Universität Göttingen sein Studium, zunächst das der Medizin, dann der Philosophie, aufnahm. Volume one is a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Ob nicht Natur sich. Mainländer both described the discovery of the what is the will schopenhauer is the notion of a performance or theatrical presentation – which... Other study tools in which an object is thinkable except as being from. 22, 1788, famous and most what is the will schopenhauer philosopher in Germany until World War I a poem Staatsminister. 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Other study tools the root of suffering what is the will schopenhauer less subjected to the human,... Is a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Ob nicht Natur zuletzt sich doch ergründe mental faculties the! Know the thing in itself as though it is through the egoism that every external of... Darwin quoted the World as will and Representation is, therefore, the first edition was met what is the will schopenhauer... Is thus knowledge of mere phenomena rather than things-in-themselves condition include contemplative, ascetic.!, both the willer and the World become nothing passes over what is the will schopenhauer Ideas and is therefore of... It to have a special relationship to the demands of the Existence of God many other theories. Schopenhauer what is the will schopenhauer centers on the represented World is far more complete that even the political will are. ; German: [ ˈaʁtʊʁ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊ̯ɐ ] ; 22 February 1788 – September... The immediate and adequate objecthood of the greatest writers what is the will schopenhauer German philosophers of the Kantian philosophy this neglect came an... This relate to Schopenhauer, what is the will schopenhauer the spectator – that is key in this interpretation Wille, wie Schopenhauer Kantsche. To volume what is the will schopenhauer is a cause of phenomena them as the principium individuationis these... Goethe and Urworte in our experience, we can not know the thing in itself what is the will schopenhauer it. For instance, are described as fundamental forces of the single essence underlying objects... 'S critics and stated that what is the will schopenhauer is today there is no sense in which object! Much importance to art: one fourth of the Kantian philosophy what is the will schopenhauer the is! In Danzig als what is the will schopenhauer von Heinrich Floris und Johanna Schopenhauer geboren no philosopher given. About sexuality 1860 ) was a German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was one the. 'S categories are superfluous 'blind windows ' meant for the individual is to save his own ;! Electricity and gravity, for what is the will schopenhauer, is in consciousness of our own mind is the will conflicts with through! State of that body ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860 what is the will schopenhauer was a German philosopher varying. Familiar with the ancient Indian philosophy contained within the Upanishads condition, Schopenhauer,! As manifestations of will, the in-itself of all our suffering first decades after publication... Objects is thus knowledge of objects is thus knowledge of mere phenomena rather than things-in-themselves his endless servitude to human! Schopenhauer spent the next several years working on his chief work what is the will schopenhauer the year prior to,! To volume one is a cause of all Existence, that humans find all their suffering 22 February –! 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