spanish caribbean colonies

Failing to encounter the wealthy trading societies that … Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent in Europe chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: Walnuts, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these existing to extract wealth. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. In the Caribbean, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (1539-42); Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (1540-42), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (1541-42). [109] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. [124][125] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. [22][23] Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. Introduction. The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcaldía mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. Collier, Simon. In the seventeenth and eightee… Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus’s voyage sailing west. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. Borah, Woodrow. Vol. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Spanish colonists conducted raids throughout the Caribbean, bringing captives from Central America, northern South America, and Florida back to Hispaniola and other Spanish settlements. Why were the Caribbean colonies the "most important destinations" for English immigrants throughout the first half of the 17th century? In the early 17th century, the Spanish colonies of Cartagena, Havana, Santiago de Cuba, San Juan, Porto Bello, Panama City, and Santo Domingo were among the most important settlements of the Spanish West Indies. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. He then founded the settlement of Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Practice: Labor, slavery, and caste in the Spanish colonial system. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. Spanish settlement in Mexico “largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times” while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. History of the Caribbean: Plantations, Trade, and War in the Atlantic World. He also had to attract participants to the expedition who staked their own lives and meager fortunes on the expectation of the expedition’s success. [138] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. (Your identity will remain anonymous)Conéctate conmigo! breaks new ground in articulating the early Spanish The exchange did not go one way. English intrusions had earlier focused on unoccupied areas – either the less attractive lands north of Florida or the tiny islands of the eastern Caribbean. Many historians make a similar argument for former Spanish territories along the Gulf Coast regions of present-day Mexico and the United States. [83] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[84]. Thererafter, when the limited supply of gold is exhausted, the Spanish West Indies survive as part of the broader economy of Spanish America. The colony of New Spain was formed in 1535, with most of its land in Mexico and its capital in Mexico City. [15] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. From the late 15th to the late 19th centuries, Spain controlled extensive territories in and around the Caribbean Sea, including the Greater Antilles, the mainland and islands along the Caribbean’s southern littoral, and the entire Gulf of Mexico. As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. Although today Buenos Aires at the mouth of Rio de la Plata is a major metropolis, it held no interest for Spaniards and the 1535-36 settlement failed and was abandoned by 1541. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the República de Españoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. On the mainland of colonies, Spain ended African slavery in the eighteenth century. Start studying Caribbean: Ch. Muldoon, James. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. Depending on the conditions in a jurisdiction, the position of factor/veedor was often eliminated, as well. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. A colony is a land ruled by another country. 2, p. 99. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. 1550-1600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards’ making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. [114], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Spaniards found the bonanza they long sought: great material wealth. Accessible for undergraduates and general audiences. Colombus was leading a Spanish expedition that led the way for much future colonization, especially in the Caribbean region, and both North and South America. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción, now the capital of Paraguay. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while other contest that. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. These lands were often quite vast. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants.[52]. [40] In 1561, Pedro de Ursúa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. Labra wrote widely about the Spanish colonies, not only those in the Caribbean. Europeans immigrated from various parts of Spain, and also initially more men than women. Image credit: Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com. The Spanish Habsburgs claimed all of the Americas as their exclusive domain (excepting Portuguese Brazil), but they occupied only territories around the equator. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The Spanish administrative structure that prevailed for the 132 years of Spanish monopoly in the Caribbean was simple. 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